"Judicial review" is a procedure by which a supreme court can review a law or administrative action by a governmental authority and overrule it or require it to be changed, generally if they deem it to be in contradiction with the constitution or another law.

When setting monetary policy, the Federal Reserve currently has a dual mandate: maximizing employment in the U.S.; and stabilizing prices/controlling inflation in the U.S.

"Gadol" is a religious leader that is acknowledged as the religious supreme leader by the people's reverence, rather than the acknowledgment of an official institution. Other leaders can exist across the religious hierarchy, many of whom choose to follow the Gadol's preaching, but the Gadol has no official authority over them. There can only be one Gadol every generation.

In the holistic education model, students are required to take many courses from a range of disciplines in addition to courses from their main discipline, instead of pursuing deeper specialisation. In systems of specialisation, students choose a discipline to focus on and take courses to specialise in it almost exclusively.